English Std 5 to 8 Spelling Dictionary PDF
A dictionary is a list of words in one or more specific languages, often arranged alphabetically (or by radical and stroke for ideographic languages), which may include information on definitions, usage, etymologies, pronunciations, translation, etc. or a wordbook in one language with its equivalents in another, sometimes known as a lexicon. It is a lexicographical reference that shows the interrelationships between the data.
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| Std-5 to 8 English Dictionary |
A wide distinction is made between general and specialized dictionaries. Specialized dictionaries include words in specialized fields, rather than a full range of words in the language. Lexical elements that describe concepts in specific fields are generally called terms rather than words, although there is no consensus on whether lexicology and terminology are two different fields of study.
In theory, general dictionaries are supposed to be semasiological, assigning words to the definition, while specialized dictionaries should be onomasiological, first identifying concepts and then establishing the terms used to designate them.
In the practice of the two approaches are used for both types of dictionary. There are other types of dictionaries that do not fit neatly into the above distinction, for example, bilingual dictionaries (translation), thesaurus (thesaurus), and rhyming dictionaries. The word dictionary (unqualified) is generally understood to refer to a monolingual dictionary for general use.
There is also a contrast between prescriptive or descriptive dictionaries; the first reflects what is seen as correct use of language, while the second reflects actual recorded use. Stylistic indications (eg, "informal" or "vulgar") in many modern dictionaries are considered objectively descriptive by some.
Although the earliest recorded dictionaries date back to the Sumerian era (these were bilingual dictionaries), the systematic study of dictionaries as objects of scientific interest in themselves is a twentieth-century undertaking, called lexicography, and largely started by Ladislav Zgusta.
The birth of the new discipline was not without controversy, as the creators of practical dictionaries were sometimes accused by others of an "astonishing" lack of method and self-criticism of reflection.
In a general dictionary, each word can have multiple meanings. Some dictionaries list each meaning separately in the most common usage order, while others list the definitions in historical order, with the oldest usage first.
In many languages, words can appear in many different forms, but only the non-slanted or unconjugated form appears as the main word in most dictionaries. Dictionaries are most commonly found in book form, but some newer dictionaries, such as StarDict and New Oxford American Dictionary, are dictionary software that runs on PDAs or computers. There are so many online dictionaries available to accessible via the Internet.
The simplest dictionary, a defining dictionary, provides a basic glossary of the simplest meanings of the simplest concepts. From these, other concepts can be explained and defined, particularly for those who are first learning a language. In English, business definition dictionaries typically include only one or two meanings of less than 2,000 words. With these, you can define the rest of English, and even the 4,000 most common idioms and metaphors in English.
Unlike traditional dictionaries, which are designed to be used by humans, dictionaries for natural language processing are designed to be used by computer programs. The end user is a human being but the direct user is a program. Such a dictionary does not need to be able to be printed on paper.
The structure of the content is not linear, ordered from entry to entry, but has the form of a complex network. Because most of these dictionaries are used to control machine translations or retrieval of information in multiple languages, the content is often multilingual and generally large in size. To allow for formal exchange and merging of dictionaries, an ISO standard called Lexical Markup Framework has been defined and used among the academic and industrial community.
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